(BASEL, Switzerland) – Advanced testing using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LAICPMS) on an anomalous stone from a batch of 10 emeralds submitted to the Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF has indicated that it is likely to have been sourced at Musakashi, in the Solwezi district of central Zambia. This suggests that production at that site has been increased. The other nine stones showed characteristics typical of production from the Kafubu area, where most of Zambia’s emeralds have been mined to date.
As a major source of gem-quality emeralds, for decades, most of Zambia’s production has been sourced in the Kafubu area, about 45 kilometers southwest of Kitwe in the country’s Copperbelt Province. However, in early 2000, a new source of emeralds was discovered in Musakashi (Zwaan et al. 2005), about 160 kilometers west of Kitwe. But production from the latter deposit was limited, partly due to legal issues about mining concessions (Klemm 2009, 2010, Pardieu 2015).
The parcel of 10 Zambian emeralds submitted to SSEF for testing, which was found to consist of nine emeralds from the Kafubu area, and one emerald from the Musakashi area. Photo: © SSEFEmeralds from the Musakashi deposit are very different in their formation and occurrence to the “classic” Zambian production from the Kafubu area, and, interestingly, in many aspects are reminiscent of Colombian emeralds. This is notable because of the presence of spiky three-phase to multi-phase inclusions, and fine hollow channels parallel to the c-axis of the crystals (Zwaan et al 2005, Saeseaw et al 2014).
The batch of 10 emeralds submitted to SSEF had a total weight of approximately 5 carats. Nine of them displayed classic features of Zambian emeralds from the Kafubu area, such as mica flakes, amphibole inclusions and rectangular 2-phase inclusions. But the anomalous stone revealed features previously described in emeralds from Musakashi.
Advanced testing using LAICPMS (GemTOF, see www.gemtof.ch), enabled SSEF to positively confirm that the emerald had originated from Musakashi. This was done by comparing the data with analyses of rough samples from the area, which had been added recently to the SSEF reference collection.
“Learning more about new gem deposits is an ongoing obligation and sometimes a challenge for any gem lab,” says Dr. Michael Krzemnicki, Director at the Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF. “Studying material from new and lesser-known emerald deposits gives us greater insight into the different formation mechanisms for emerald crystallization. This ultimately supports our work on origin determination, and also means that occasionally we have to update our findings and conclusions, when new scientific evidence is revealed.”
Two photographs showing characteristic typical of emeralds from from Musakashi, Zambia, including (left) fine parallel hollow tubes along the c-axis of stone, and (right) spiky multiphase fluid-inclusions. Photos © M.S. Krzemnicki, SSEF.
“Having now seen stones of very fine quality of 2-5 carats and higher from Musakashi, it is reasonable to assume that production has become more active in the area, and more of this interesting material will appear in the trade in the near future,” Dr. Krzemnicki added.
Further research on these samples is being conducted.
About the SSEF
The Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF, which is part of the Swiss Foundation for the Research of Gemstones (SSEF: Schweizerische Stiftung für Edelstein-Forschung), was founded by trade organizations in 1972 and works independently on a scientific basis. It is structured as a foundation under the aegis of Switzerland’s Federal Department of Home Affairs. The function of its laboratory is to analyze precious stones and issue test reports for diamonds, colored stones and pearls. Members of SSEF Laboratory are also engaged in research and education, in connection with leading universities or with other gemological laboratories.
